Elderberry
Elderberries
Elderberries (Sambucus spp.) are deciduous shrubs or small trees that produce clusters of small, dark purple berries. They belong to the Adoxaceae family, which also includes viburnums.
Starting Plants
Elderberries can be started from seeds, cuttings, or purchased as bare-root or container-grown plants. Seeds require cold stratification for 60-90 days before planting. Hardwood or softwood cuttings can be taken in late fall or early spring. Plant elderberries in well-drained soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5.
Planting Time
Plant container-grown or bare-root elderberries in early spring, 2-4 weeks before the last frost date. Space plants 6-10 feet apart, depending on the variety.
Harvesting
Elderberries typically begin producing fruit 2-3 years after planting. Berries are ready to harvest in late summer to early fall when they have turned deep purple and are slightly soft. Cut the entire berry cluster from the shrub and collect them in a container. Elderberry plants can produce fruit for 20 years or more with proper care.
Seed Harvesting
To harvest elderberry seeds, mash ripe berries and separate the seeds from the pulp. Rinse the seeds and allow them to dry before storing in a cool, dry place.
Commonly Grown Varieties
Some popular elderberry varieties include:
- Adams: A high-yielding variety with large, flavorful berries.
- York: A variety with large, sweet berries and good disease resistance.
- Nova: A compact, early-ripening variety with large berries.
- Johns: A wild-collected variety with small, flavorful berries.
Culinary Uses
Elderberries have a unique, slightly tart flavor and are often used in processed products:
- Elderberry syrup: Simmer elderberries with sugar and spices to make a flavorful, immune-boosting syrup.
- Elderberry jam: Cook elderberries with sugar and pectin to make a spreadable jam.
- Elderberry wine: Ferment elderberry juice with sugar and yeast to make a fruity, full-bodied wine.
- Elderberry pie: Use fresh or frozen elderberries to make a flavorful, slightly tart pie.
- Elderberry tea: Steep dried elderberries in hot water for a soothing, health-promoting tea.